A CSIR study analysing 26 years of satellite data reveals how ocean warming is significantly reducing ocean productivity ...

Otodus megalodon has been revealed by new research to have occupied a higher position on the food chain—known as its trophic level—than any other ocean predator, living or extinct. That puts Megatooth ...

Because heterotrophs such as animals do not assimilate all their food and ... Although the trophic level of a consumer can be determined by following the longest feeding chain, trophic position ...

food chain length (the number of trophic levels in a web), and connectance (Lafferty et al. 2008). In a salt marsh food web in California, parasites were involved in 78% of all links, and ...

Analysis of individual amino acid (AA) δ15N values is increasingly common in studies of food web architecture, movement ecology, and biogeochemical cycling. However, observations that nitrogen isotope ...

primary consumers are trophic level 2 and so on. Feeding (consumption). Energy flow. The transfer of substances such as carbon and nitrogen. Food webs show a number of food chains that are ...

More information: Dirley Cortés et al, Top of the food chains: an ecological network of the marine Paja Formation biota from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia reveals the highest trophic levels ...