Frustrated by Portugal's defiance of his Continental Blockade against trade with Great Britan, Napoleon ordered General Jerot to march French troops over the Pyrenees. On November 30, French ...

In 1809, as Napoleon fought the Austrians at Wagram, the war in Spain and Portugal continued to rage. The French had inflicted several heavy defeats on Spanish field armies, but now they faced a ...

The city is now home to a monument to those early Irish settlers named Emmit Park. But more was to come. By 1812, the Napoleonic war had left Ireland in bad shape. Indigent Catholics and prominent ...