Many of them were former tsarist army officers or simply guilty of having "bourgeois" origins, others were unrepentant Trotskyists. Using Soviet documents and recent Russian language publications, ...

During this time, the Bolsheviks faced massive opposition to their rule in the form of the White Armies, led by former officers of the Tsarist state, and also from intervention by the forces of ...

Unlike the steely-faced heroes of Soviet propaganda, some of the tsarist-era posters depict human weakness. This poster advertises a fund-raising rally “to help victims of the war.” ...

The Empire did not have an elected parliament (until 1905) and there were no elections for positions in the government. There were no legal or constitutional methods by which Tsarist power could ...

gives us an in-depth view of the final decades of the Tsarist army, from the end of the Crimean War through the collapse of 1917. Reese argues that the officer corps failed to adjust to changing ...