to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers. Also known as the Elastic Clause, this phrase allowed Congress to stretch its enumerated powers a bit to fit its needs.

This formalized the principle of enumerated powers ... the Necessary and Proper Clause must meet four requirements: (1) it must be incidental to a principal power; (2) it must be “for carrying ...

Under this conception, the clause confers no political sovereignty over federal landholdings. Unless one of the enumerated powers ... of federal property; and (2) the power to protect federal ...

and the Supremacy Clause in Article VI of the Constitution makes federal law superior to state law. Therefore, the Supreme Court upheld the power of the federal government to regulate even ...